This document provides biographical information on two influential modernist architects, Albert Frey and Richard Neutra. It describes key works and accomplishments of each architect. Frey is known for establishing desert modernism in Palm Springs, California through 200 homes built between 1934-1988. Neutra's most famous work is the Kaufmann House in Palm Springs. The document concludes by comparing Frey and Neutra's approaches, noting Frey embraced the American idiom while Neutra's designs were more philosophically dogmatic.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect born in 1867 who is known for pioneering the Prairie School style of architecture. Some of his most famous works included the Robbie House built in Illinois, which showcased his unique prairie style, and the Guggenheim Museum in New York, which was designed with a spiral layout. Though he faced many challenges with clients and officials, Wright was also renowned for buildings like the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo that survived the 1923 earthquake due to his innovative floating foundation design.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo in 1916-22 to represent Japan's emergence into modernity while respecting Japanese architectural traditions. The hotel survived the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake due to its floating concrete foundation. It became a social center but rising costs led to additions that Wright disliked, and the original structure was demolished in 1968. Parts were reconstructed at an open-air museum.
1. Le Corbusier was commissioned to design the new capital city of Chandigarh after the partition of India and Pakistan in the 1950s, developing the city based on his principles of modern architecture and urban planning.
2. Some of his most notable works in Chandigarh include the Secretariat building, High Court building, and Assembly building which featured his signature exposed concrete construction and modular design.
3. He also designed other projects in India such as a museum in Ahmedabad which featured a roof protecting from the hot climate and interior courtyards bringing natural light and ventilation into the building
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
In this class we look at Frank Lloyd Wright's vacation home for Edgar Kaufmann in Bear Run, Pennsylvania, and Mies van der Rohe's vacation home for Dr. Edith Farnsworth in Plano, IL.
History of lighting - display & exhibitJozhe Fonseca
This document provides a historical overview of the development of display and exhibit lighting from the 1860s to the late 1930s. Some of the key developments discussed include the first electrical illumination at Niagara Falls in 1879 using open arc lamps; early electric signs in New York and Chicago in the 1890s; the introduction of neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910; elaborate lighting displays at world's fairs in the early 20th century; and the proliferation of electric signs in Times Square in the 1920s. The document traces the evolution of lighting technology for displays and exhibits over this period.
This document provides an overview of architectural styles from the mid-20th century to present day, including Brutalism, Postmodernism, High-Tech, Minimalism, Deconstructivism, and contemporary works. It showcases works from pioneers like Le Corbusier, Eero Saarinen, Paul Rudolph, Robert Venturi, I.M. Pei, Michael Graves, Renzo Piano, Frank Gehry, and Daniel Libeskind. The document features photographs of both exteriors and interiors of buildings to illustrate the characteristics of each style.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering the Prairie School style and organic architecture. Some of his most famous works include the Robie House and Fallingwater. Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect who helped develop modern architecture and the International Style. He emphasized functionality and the use of modern materials like steel and glass. Some key works are the Villa Savoye and the Secretariat building in Chandigarh, India. Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect who created designs with extreme clarity and simplicity. His German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona Expo featured a grid of steel columns and freely spaced glass planes, creating an open floor plan. His later works like the
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect born in 1867 who is known for pioneering the Prairie School style of architecture. Some of his most famous works included the Robbie House built in Illinois, which showcased his unique prairie style, and the Guggenheim Museum in New York, which was designed with a spiral layout. Though he faced many challenges with clients and officials, Wright was also renowned for buildings like the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo that survived the 1923 earthquake due to his innovative floating foundation design.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo in 1916-22 to represent Japan's emergence into modernity while respecting Japanese architectural traditions. The hotel survived the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake due to its floating concrete foundation. It became a social center but rising costs led to additions that Wright disliked, and the original structure was demolished in 1968. Parts were reconstructed at an open-air museum.
1. Le Corbusier was commissioned to design the new capital city of Chandigarh after the partition of India and Pakistan in the 1950s, developing the city based on his principles of modern architecture and urban planning.
2. Some of his most notable works in Chandigarh include the Secretariat building, High Court building, and Assembly building which featured his signature exposed concrete construction and modular design.
3. He also designed other projects in India such as a museum in Ahmedabad which featured a roof protecting from the hot climate and interior courtyards bringing natural light and ventilation into the building
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
In this class we look at Frank Lloyd Wright's vacation home for Edgar Kaufmann in Bear Run, Pennsylvania, and Mies van der Rohe's vacation home for Dr. Edith Farnsworth in Plano, IL.
History of lighting - display & exhibitJozhe Fonseca
This document provides a historical overview of the development of display and exhibit lighting from the 1860s to the late 1930s. Some of the key developments discussed include the first electrical illumination at Niagara Falls in 1879 using open arc lamps; early electric signs in New York and Chicago in the 1890s; the introduction of neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910; elaborate lighting displays at world's fairs in the early 20th century; and the proliferation of electric signs in Times Square in the 1920s. The document traces the evolution of lighting technology for displays and exhibits over this period.
This document provides an overview of architectural styles from the mid-20th century to present day, including Brutalism, Postmodernism, High-Tech, Minimalism, Deconstructivism, and contemporary works. It showcases works from pioneers like Le Corbusier, Eero Saarinen, Paul Rudolph, Robert Venturi, I.M. Pei, Michael Graves, Renzo Piano, Frank Gehry, and Daniel Libeskind. The document features photographs of both exteriors and interiors of buildings to illustrate the characteristics of each style.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering the Prairie School style and organic architecture. Some of his most famous works include the Robie House and Fallingwater. Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect who helped develop modern architecture and the International Style. He emphasized functionality and the use of modern materials like steel and glass. Some key works are the Villa Savoye and the Secretariat building in Chandigarh, India. Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect who created designs with extreme clarity and simplicity. His German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona Expo featured a grid of steel columns and freely spaced glass planes, creating an open floor plan. His later works like the
R. Buckminster Fuller dedicated his life to solving global problems through comprehensive design. He is known for developing the geodesic dome, a strong spherical structure made of triangles that uses minimal materials. Fuller worked across many fields and influenced generations with his principle of "doing more with less." He designed dome structures, houses like the Dymaxion house and Wichita house, that were efficient, low-cost and focused on sustainability.
(History of Architecture 2) Nov 2012 modern architectureCarla Faner
Modern Architecture in the 20th Century outlines key developments and movements. New materials like steel and reinforced concrete enabled new building forms. Schools like the Chicago School, Werkbund, and Bauhaus explored these materials and functional design. The International Style codified modern architecture's emphasis on simplicity, rejection of ornament, and use of materials honestly. Key figures like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Walter Gropius pioneered modern architecture.
The United States has encouraged science and innovation since its founding during the Enlightenment period. [1] It promoted the free exchange of ideas and welcomed creative people from around the world. [2] Notable American scientists and inventors from the 18th and 19th centuries include Benjamin Franklin, who proved lightning is electricity, and Thomas Edison, who developed the light bulb and many other inventions. [3] While America lagged behind Europe in developing scientific theory, American ingenuity led to many important inventions when theoretical knowledge was applied practically, such as the cotton gin, reaper, steamboat, and airplane.
This document provides an overview of British artist David Hockney's career from the 1950s to present day. It highlights his early life and education in Bradford, West Yorkshire and time at the Royal College of Art in London. Key works are discussed from each decade, showing Hockney's exploration of color and technique from pop art pools in Los Angeles to photorealistic portraits and landscapes of Yorkshire captured on iPad. Hockney is recognized as one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.
1. Cubism in architecture led to simplified building designs, use of industrially produced materials, and increased use of glass. However, cubism had no direct link to modern architecture and connections were made through shared formal qualities.
2. Early skyscrapers in Chicago used strong horizontal lines to downplay their verticality. Louis Sullivan used a bold style to express American confidence and prosperity in the late 19th century.
3. Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie houses used mass-produced materials and bold, plain walls to achieve economic and spacious designs that promoted modern family living.
Louis Sullivan was an influential American architect who lived from 1856-1924 and is considered the "Father of Modern Architecture." He developed the "Chicago School" style and coined the phrase "Form follows Function." Some of his most notable works include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Later in his career, Sullivan designed several banks in a simpler Prairie School style, including the National Farmers' Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering modern architect known for his Five Points of Architecture and modular design system called the Modulor. Some of his most notable works include the Villa Savoye in France, the Unite d'Habitation housing blocks, and the Ahmedabad Textile Mill Owners' Association Building in India. The ATMA Building commissioned in 1954 features a dramatic entrance ramp, brise-soleil sun shades, and curving interior walls that define the auditorium space. It exemplifies Le Corbusier's principles of modern architecture through its exposed concrete structure, manipulation of interior spaces, and emphasis on visual transparency and air flow.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
The document provides biographical information about American architect Louis Henry Sullivan. It discusses that he is considered the "father of skyscrapers" and the "father of modernism". Sullivan helped pioneer steel-frame construction and designed notable buildings like the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, considered one of the first skyscrapers. The document also summarizes Sullivan's career and influence on architecture, as well as providing details about some of his landmark designs.
Chicago History Presentation - Prof. Vince MichaelTom Tresser
This wonderful presentation was given by Prof. Vince Michael to the students in "The Art of Crossing the Street - Artist as Citizen" class at the School of the Art Institute.
The British Museum in London has undergone many expansions and renovations over its history. The core building was designed in the 19th century and includes the Great Court, a large indoor courtyard added in 2000. The museum houses over 7 million artifacts in its many galleries, including the famous Parthenon sculptures. The National Football Museum located in Manchester tells the history of football through interactive exhibits that showcase iconic memorabilia, films, and artifacts from the sport's origins to modern day.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He is known for developing the International Style of architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Fagus Factory (1911), considered an early example of modern architecture due to its simplicity and use of glass, steel, and concrete. He also designed the Bauhaus Archive in Berlin (1964) to house artifacts from the Bauhaus school. In the US, he designed his family home in Lincoln, MA called the Gropius House (1938), which showcased Bauhaus design philosophies through its efficient use of materials and integration with the landscape. Gropius advocated for standardized, prefabricated, and industrialized construction methods
Chapter 15: The Twentieth Century and ModernismDouglas Vail
After World War I, many young architects were disillusioned with European culture and believed architecture could help transform society. They thought rational, machine-like designs could do this. In 1932, Hitchcock and Johnson introduced the term "International Style" to describe the modernist movement spreading from Europe to America. Early Modernists aggressively promoted their minimalist, functional designs and rejected ornament, though this architecture was later adopted by corporations. Figures like Loos, Wright, and Berlage experimented with new materials and structural systems in their modern buildings. After WWI, German Expressionists like Taut reacted to the war's horrors through structures like glass pavilions expressing openness.
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect who had a career spanning five decades.
- He is known for developing the Five Points of Architecture, which emphasized pilotis, flat roofs, free plans, ribbon windows, and free facades.
- A seminal project was the design of Chandigarh, the capital of India's Punjab region, where he incorporated his principles of modern architecture and urban planning.
- Throughout his career, Le Corbusier designed notable buildings that experimented with new construction techniques, including exposed concrete and open floor plans.
The document provides information about R. Michael Wall's career as a curator and gallery owner specializing in ship models. It also outlines different classifications for ship models based on their construction and lists some notable clients and custom ship model projects the gallery has completed. The final sections discuss evaluating the craftsmanship of ship models and provide examples comparing the work of different modelers.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect known for his innovative modern designs using steel and glass. The document provides a timeline and overview of Mies' career and major works including the Barcelona Pavilion, Tugendhat House, Farnsworth House, and Seagram Building. It also summarizes some of Mies' most iconic furniture designs like the Barcelona Chair, Brno Chair, and Tugendhat Armchair, characterized by their minimalist forms and emphasis on materials and structure.
The document provides an overview of the International Style and Mid-Century Modern architecture and design movements from the 1920s to 1960s. It showcases key buildings like the Bauhaus, Vila Savoye, Farnsworth House, Glass House, and Seagram Building. Important architects featured include Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson, and Frank Lloyd Wright. The document also highlights mid-century furniture and product designers such as Charles and Ray Eames, Isamu Noguchi, George Nelson, and Eero Saarinen. Many of the designs shown were featured at MoMA exhibitions that helped popularize modern design in America.
This document provides a summary of the history of 811-819 South Cathedral Place in Richmond, Virginia from its construction in 1889. It discusses the neighborhood's development in the late 19th century, with John C. Shafer acquiring the land and later developing the row houses. The first residents were young professionals moving from downtown. The style of the row houses is described as a blend of elements like mansard roofs, porches, and ornamentation that was a common approach for production builders. Details of the architectural styles and influences are discussed.
The document summarizes life in Britain during the 1940s and 1950s through a series of images and captions. It describes the devastation of bombings during World War II, the introduction of food rationing, the rise of allotment gardens, and celebrations at the end of the war. It then discusses the postwar changes like the rise of women workers and new housing developments, as well as childhood activities and technologies of the 1950s like television, cinemas, shops, and the transition to diesel trains. The purpose is to elicit memories from the audience about their lives during this transformative period in British history.
R. Buckminster Fuller dedicated his life to solving global problems through comprehensive design. He is known for developing the geodesic dome, a strong spherical structure made of triangles that uses minimal materials. Fuller worked across many fields and influenced generations with his principle of "doing more with less." He designed dome structures, houses like the Dymaxion house and Wichita house, that were efficient, low-cost and focused on sustainability.
(History of Architecture 2) Nov 2012 modern architectureCarla Faner
Modern Architecture in the 20th Century outlines key developments and movements. New materials like steel and reinforced concrete enabled new building forms. Schools like the Chicago School, Werkbund, and Bauhaus explored these materials and functional design. The International Style codified modern architecture's emphasis on simplicity, rejection of ornament, and use of materials honestly. Key figures like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Walter Gropius pioneered modern architecture.
The United States has encouraged science and innovation since its founding during the Enlightenment period. [1] It promoted the free exchange of ideas and welcomed creative people from around the world. [2] Notable American scientists and inventors from the 18th and 19th centuries include Benjamin Franklin, who proved lightning is electricity, and Thomas Edison, who developed the light bulb and many other inventions. [3] While America lagged behind Europe in developing scientific theory, American ingenuity led to many important inventions when theoretical knowledge was applied practically, such as the cotton gin, reaper, steamboat, and airplane.
This document provides an overview of British artist David Hockney's career from the 1950s to present day. It highlights his early life and education in Bradford, West Yorkshire and time at the Royal College of Art in London. Key works are discussed from each decade, showing Hockney's exploration of color and technique from pop art pools in Los Angeles to photorealistic portraits and landscapes of Yorkshire captured on iPad. Hockney is recognized as one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.
1. Cubism in architecture led to simplified building designs, use of industrially produced materials, and increased use of glass. However, cubism had no direct link to modern architecture and connections were made through shared formal qualities.
2. Early skyscrapers in Chicago used strong horizontal lines to downplay their verticality. Louis Sullivan used a bold style to express American confidence and prosperity in the late 19th century.
3. Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie houses used mass-produced materials and bold, plain walls to achieve economic and spacious designs that promoted modern family living.
Louis Sullivan was an influential American architect who lived from 1856-1924 and is considered the "Father of Modern Architecture." He developed the "Chicago School" style and coined the phrase "Form follows Function." Some of his most notable works include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Later in his career, Sullivan designed several banks in a simpler Prairie School style, including the National Farmers' Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering modern architect known for his Five Points of Architecture and modular design system called the Modulor. Some of his most notable works include the Villa Savoye in France, the Unite d'Habitation housing blocks, and the Ahmedabad Textile Mill Owners' Association Building in India. The ATMA Building commissioned in 1954 features a dramatic entrance ramp, brise-soleil sun shades, and curving interior walls that define the auditorium space. It exemplifies Le Corbusier's principles of modern architecture through its exposed concrete structure, manipulation of interior spaces, and emphasis on visual transparency and air flow.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
The document provides biographical information about American architect Louis Henry Sullivan. It discusses that he is considered the "father of skyscrapers" and the "father of modernism". Sullivan helped pioneer steel-frame construction and designed notable buildings like the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, considered one of the first skyscrapers. The document also summarizes Sullivan's career and influence on architecture, as well as providing details about some of his landmark designs.
Chicago History Presentation - Prof. Vince MichaelTom Tresser
This wonderful presentation was given by Prof. Vince Michael to the students in "The Art of Crossing the Street - Artist as Citizen" class at the School of the Art Institute.
The British Museum in London has undergone many expansions and renovations over its history. The core building was designed in the 19th century and includes the Great Court, a large indoor courtyard added in 2000. The museum houses over 7 million artifacts in its many galleries, including the famous Parthenon sculptures. The National Football Museum located in Manchester tells the history of football through interactive exhibits that showcase iconic memorabilia, films, and artifacts from the sport's origins to modern day.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He is known for developing the International Style of architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Fagus Factory (1911), considered an early example of modern architecture due to its simplicity and use of glass, steel, and concrete. He also designed the Bauhaus Archive in Berlin (1964) to house artifacts from the Bauhaus school. In the US, he designed his family home in Lincoln, MA called the Gropius House (1938), which showcased Bauhaus design philosophies through its efficient use of materials and integration with the landscape. Gropius advocated for standardized, prefabricated, and industrialized construction methods
Chapter 15: The Twentieth Century and ModernismDouglas Vail
After World War I, many young architects were disillusioned with European culture and believed architecture could help transform society. They thought rational, machine-like designs could do this. In 1932, Hitchcock and Johnson introduced the term "International Style" to describe the modernist movement spreading from Europe to America. Early Modernists aggressively promoted their minimalist, functional designs and rejected ornament, though this architecture was later adopted by corporations. Figures like Loos, Wright, and Berlage experimented with new materials and structural systems in their modern buildings. After WWI, German Expressionists like Taut reacted to the war's horrors through structures like glass pavilions expressing openness.
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering Swiss-French architect who had a career spanning five decades.
- He is known for developing the Five Points of Architecture, which emphasized pilotis, flat roofs, free plans, ribbon windows, and free facades.
- A seminal project was the design of Chandigarh, the capital of India's Punjab region, where he incorporated his principles of modern architecture and urban planning.
- Throughout his career, Le Corbusier designed notable buildings that experimented with new construction techniques, including exposed concrete and open floor plans.
The document provides information about R. Michael Wall's career as a curator and gallery owner specializing in ship models. It also outlines different classifications for ship models based on their construction and lists some notable clients and custom ship model projects the gallery has completed. The final sections discuss evaluating the craftsmanship of ship models and provide examples comparing the work of different modelers.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect known for his innovative modern designs using steel and glass. The document provides a timeline and overview of Mies' career and major works including the Barcelona Pavilion, Tugendhat House, Farnsworth House, and Seagram Building. It also summarizes some of Mies' most iconic furniture designs like the Barcelona Chair, Brno Chair, and Tugendhat Armchair, characterized by their minimalist forms and emphasis on materials and structure.
The document provides an overview of the International Style and Mid-Century Modern architecture and design movements from the 1920s to 1960s. It showcases key buildings like the Bauhaus, Vila Savoye, Farnsworth House, Glass House, and Seagram Building. Important architects featured include Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson, and Frank Lloyd Wright. The document also highlights mid-century furniture and product designers such as Charles and Ray Eames, Isamu Noguchi, George Nelson, and Eero Saarinen. Many of the designs shown were featured at MoMA exhibitions that helped popularize modern design in America.
This document provides a summary of the history of 811-819 South Cathedral Place in Richmond, Virginia from its construction in 1889. It discusses the neighborhood's development in the late 19th century, with John C. Shafer acquiring the land and later developing the row houses. The first residents were young professionals moving from downtown. The style of the row houses is described as a blend of elements like mansard roofs, porches, and ornamentation that was a common approach for production builders. Details of the architectural styles and influences are discussed.
The document summarizes life in Britain during the 1940s and 1950s through a series of images and captions. It describes the devastation of bombings during World War II, the introduction of food rationing, the rise of allotment gardens, and celebrations at the end of the war. It then discusses the postwar changes like the rise of women workers and new housing developments, as well as childhood activities and technologies of the 1950s like television, cinemas, shops, and the transition to diesel trains. The purpose is to elicit memories from the audience about their lives during this transformative period in British history.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for promoting organic architecture that was in harmony with humanity and the environment. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, which was built directly over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. Fallingwater used reinforced concrete, steel, glass and sandstone to appear as if it was part of the natural surroundings. It became renowned for being built in harmony with nature rather than just overlooking it. Wright designed the house to have the waterfall incorporated into the occupants' daily lives rather than just being something they looked at occasionally. Fallingwater demonstrated Wright's mastery of using basic shapes and modern construction techniques to create structures that blended seamlessly with their natural settings.
The famous American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we build and the way we live. As an architect, Frank Lloyd Wright was known for many things, but perhaps his most famed characteristic was his exceptional attention to detail – in many of his projects, each furniture piece was designed specifically for its intended location.
In this class we discuss a variety of modern houses, from Case Study House No.8 to the work of developer Joseph Eichler, from Neutra's Kaufmann Desert House to Philip Johnson's Glass House in New Canaan, CT.
This document provides biographies and summaries of the philosophies and notable works of 5 master architects: Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis I Kahn, Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, and Mies van der Rohe. It outlines each architect's approach to design including Wright's emphasis on organic forms and integration with nature, Kahn's focus on volume and space, and Mies van der Rohe's refinement of steel and glass construction. Key works by each are also mentioned such as Wright's Fallingwater and Robie House, Kahn's Kimbell Art Museum, and Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye.
This lecture provides an overview of San Francisco's history from the early Spanish missions to the 20th century. It discusses the city's growth during the Gold Rush and features images of landmarks, maps, and art from different eras. Key events summarized include the 1906 earthquake and fire that destroyed much of the city, major rebuilding efforts and plans like the Burnham Plan, and the two World's Fairs held in the city in the early 20th century which promoted its recovery. The lecture also highlights the work of photographer Dorothea Lange and references the counterculture movement of the 1960s.
- Richard Neutra was an influential Austrian-American architect who pioneered the International Style of architecture in the United States. He designed over 300 houses in California.
- Neutra's architectural style focused on blending indoor and outdoor spaces and incorporating modern technologies. He is known for designs like the Kaufmann Desert House and Lovell Health House that emphasized harmony with nature.
- Neutra's most famous work is the 1929 Lovell House in Los Angeles, considered one of the landmarks of modern architecture for its open floor plan and extensive use of glass and steel.
The Romantic Era lasted from 1820-1900. During this time, many important inventions were developed including the first photographs, dictionaries, pianos, and sleeping cars on trains. Famous authors like Charles Dickens and Edgar Allan Poe were publishing influential works. The first skyscrapers and railroads were constructed. Important scientific discoveries were made, including chloroform as anesthesia and X-rays. Composers developed new styles of program music and nationalistic sounds. Iconic works premiered such as The Nutcracker and 1812 Overture.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect who designed over 1,000 structures in his unique organic style that harmonized buildings with their natural surroundings. He pioneered the Prairie School and developed concepts like the Usonian home and Broadacre City, a decentralized planned community. Throughout his career, Wright refined his philosophy of organic architecture and trained apprentices at his Taliesin schools to continue spreading his principles of integral and harmonious design.
Louis Kahn was an influential American architect known for his use of light and emphasis on the materials he worked with. Some of his most notable works include the Salk Institute, Kimbell Art Museum, and National Assembly Building of Bangladesh. He received many honors over his career, including the AIA Gold Medal. Kahn believed in designing buildings that honored the materials used and creating a distinction between public and private spaces through his designs. His works continue to be lauded for their elegant simplicity and emphasis on natural light.
Overton Park in Memphis, Tennessee was established in 1901 when the city purchased 342 acres of forested land from the Lea family. Landscape architect George Kessler designed Overton Park according to the City Beautiful movement's principles of preserving natural spaces. Over the decades, various institutions and facilities were added to the park, including the Memphis Zoo (1906), Brooks Museum of Art (1915), and Overton Park Shell (1936). However, the park was threatened in the 1950s when part of its land was condemned for a highway project, sparking controversy over preservation of the urban green space.
Frank Knapp Senior (1875-1952), his wife Maria, and their first three children (Mary, Frank and Alfonso) immigrated from the Tyrol region of Austria to the United States, in 1903.
There would eventually be eight siblings: six boys and two girls. By 1911 the family was established in the new community of Owensmouth, the core area of what would later become Canoga Park, in the west San Fernando Valley.
Frank Senior was a craftsman that worked in wood, stone, concrete, and plaster, and he did a considerable amount of work, much of it artistic, in those medium in the then just-beginning modern development of the west San Fernando Valley.
A literature study on architecture by Ar Eero Saarinen with description of some of his works, i.e., the Gateway Arch, the MIT Chapel, the TWA Terminal, and the Miller House.
Frank Gehry is a renowned American architect known for his experimental designs that push the boundaries of form. Some of his most famous works include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. Gehry's early career focused on modern home designs inspired by architects like Frank Lloyd Wright. His breakthrough came with the Danziger House in 1965, noted for its box-like form. Later projects grew increasingly bold, featuring unusual shapes made from sections of differing materials like his iconic Dancing House in Prague, modeled after dancers in motion.
The document provides a tour of landmarks in a town, summarizing each location in 1-3 sentences. The landmarks included are the Faust Hotel, First Protestant Church, Naeglin's Bakery, the downtown gazebo, Comal County Courthouse, Landa Park, Lindheimer's Home, Schlitterbahn water park, Brauntex Theatre, Seekatz Theatre, and Phoenix Saloon.
In the document, several rooms of a Southeast Texas family home are described from the early 20th century. The family would spend their summer evenings sitting on the front porch to stay cool, dining in the formal dining room with antique china and flatware on display, and serving coffee and desserts from the butler's pantry. A luncheon was taking place in the breakfast room with decorative glassware and linens set out. The upstairs rooms were being renovated so tours focused on other areas like the sleeping porch, music room, and a bedroom containing hunting guns and supplies.
Similar to Semester Project - INT 120 – Spring 10 – Burrell (20)
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
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Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
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3. Born: October 18, 1903, Zurich, Switzerland
Died: November 14, 1998, Palm Springs, California
2
4. Albert Frey Pronounced “fray”
Born: October 18, 1903, Zurich, Switzerland
Died: November 14, 1998, Palm Springs, California
2
5. 1928: Villa Savoye
ARCHITECT - LE CORBUSIER
PROJECT ARCHITECT- ALBERT FREY
3
6. 1928: Villa Savoye
ARCHITECT - LE CORBUSIER
PROJECT ARCHITECT- ALBERT FREY
3
7. International Style introduced
1932: Museum of Modern Art's International Style Exhibit curated by Henry Russell Hitchcock and
Philip Johnson.
KOCHER WEEKEND HOUSE
("Aluminaire House") 1932
ARCHITECTS - LAWRENCE
KOCHER AND ALBERT FREY
4
8. International Style introduced
1932: Museum of Modern Art's International Style Exhibit curated by Henry Russell Hitchcock and
Philip Johnson.
KOCHER WEEKEND HOUSE
("Aluminaire House") 1932
ARCHITECTS - LAWRENCE
KOCHER AND ALBERT FREY
4
10. Accomplishments:
Established a style of modern architecture centered
around Palm Springs, California that came to be known
as "desert modernism".
Built 200 homes in Palm Springs between 1934 and
1988. Established Palm Springs as a progressive desert
mecca for innovative modern architecture during the
1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
6
11. Albert Frey
Accomplishments:
Established a style of modern architecture centered
around Palm Springs, California that came to be known
as "desert modernism".
Built 200 homes in Palm Springs between 1934 and
1988. Established Palm Springs as a progressive desert
mecca for innovative modern architecture during the
1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
6
14. Frey
1940: Frey
House I
“ I AM THRILLED EVERY DAY BY THE VARYING
SPECTACLE OF THE NATURAL VIEWS THAT ARE
PART OF IT, CHANGING WITH LIGHT AND COLOR,
WIND, RAIN, STILLNESS AND SUNSHINE....I
BELIEVE, HOWEVER THAT A FULL UNDERSTANDING
OF THIS TYPE OF HOUSE WILL COME ONLY
GRADUALLY BECAUSE MOST PEOPLE’S REFLEXES
ARE CONDITIONED BY THE CONVENTIONAL,
CLOSED- IN HOUSES IN WHICH THEY HAVE GROWN
UP.” ALBERT FREY, PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE,
1948
8
15. Frey
1947
Loewy House
"Palm Springs posh sprang up in a
single moment and shared a single
architectural dream: desert
modernism—low, glassy, horizontal,
sleek. It remains perfect." —Kurt
Andersen, New Yorker
9
16. Frey
1947
Loewy House
"Palm Springs posh sprang up in a
single moment and shared a single
architectural dream: desert
modernism—low, glassy, horizontal,
sleek. It remains perfect." —Kurt
Andersen, New Yorker
9
27. Albert Frey’s most notable Palm Springs
works:
1. Tramway Gas Station (now Montana St. Martin
Gallery), 2901 North Palm Canyon Drive. 12. First Church of Christ Scientist, Riverside Drive
2. Tramway Valley Station, Tramway Road. at Random Road.
3. Carey-Pirozzi House, 651 West Via Escuela. 13. Cree House II, Raymond Drive, Cathedral City.
4. Loewy House, 600 West Panorama Drive. 14. Ralph's Supermarket, Ramon Road at Sunrise
5. Villa Hermosa, 155 Hermosa Place. Way.
6. Nichols Building, 891-899 North Palm Canyon. 15. City Hall, 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way.
7. Clark & Frey Office Building, 879 North Palm 16. Fire Station I, 277 North Indian Canyon Drive.
Canyon. 17. Ballantine Movie Colony Inn, 726 North Indian
8. Kocher-Samson Building, 766 North Palm Canyon Drive.
Canyon. 18. Katherine Finchy School, 777 East Tachevah
9. Samson Office Building, 760 North Palm Road.
Canyon. 19. Sieroty House, 695 East Vereda Sur.
10. Frey House II, 686 West Palisades Drive. 20. Albert Frey House (at the Palm Springs
11. Premiere Apartments, (at the Orchid Tree Inn), Racquet Club), 2743 North Indian Canyon Drive.
261 South Belardo Road.
20
28. Born: April 8, 1892 - Vienna
Died: April 16, 1970
Wuppertal, W. Germany
Richard Neutra on the cover
of Time Magazine, August 15, 1949.
21
29. Richard
Josef
Neutra
Born: April 8, 1892 - Vienna
Died: April 16, 1970
Wuppertal, W. Germany
Richard Neutra on the cover
of Time Magazine, August 15, 1949.
21
30. "I have been privileged, or perhaps doomed, to eschew simpler, lighter burdens. Shaping man's
surroundings entails a lot more than spatial, structural, mechanical, and other technical
considerations—certainly a lot more than pontificating about matters of style. Our organic well-
being is dependent on a wholesome, salubrious environment. Therefore exacting attention has to
be paid to our intricate sensory world." — Richard Neutra. from William Marlin, ed. Nature Near: late
essays of Richard Neutra. p1-2.
22
31. Neutra: 1929 Lovell Health House
"I have been privileged, or perhaps doomed, to eschew simpler, lighter burdens. Shaping man's
surroundings entails a lot more than spatial, structural, mechanical, and other technical
considerations—certainly a lot more than pontificating about matters of style. Our organic well-
being is dependent on a wholesome, salubrious environment. Therefore exacting attention has to
be paid to our intricate sensory world." — Richard Neutra. from William Marlin, ed. Nature Near: late
essays of Richard Neutra. p1-2.
22
40. Neutra:
Kaufmann House
"The Kaufmann house, Palm
Springs, 1946, moved in the
direction of the pavilion, which is
Neutra's last development in
domestic architecture. Horizontal
planes resting on horizontal planes
hover over transparent walls. The
material loses its importance—
magnificent as the dry-joint stone
walls are in themselves—and the
gist of the house is the weightless
space enclosed. The victory over
the front door is almost complete;
it is reached by slow stages, like
the Mexican house whose
entrance on the street leads
through a garden to an
unemphasized door."
— Esther McCoy. Richard Neutra.
p16-17.
29
42. Jardinette Apartments, 1928, Bailey House, 1946, Santa Monica, R.J. Neutra Elementary School,
Hollywood, California California 1960, Naval Air Station Lemoore, in
Lovell House, 1929, Los Angeles, Case Study Houses #6 and #13 Lemoore, California (designed in
California Helburn House, 1950, Bozeman, 1929).
Von Sternberg House, 1935, San Montana Gettysburg Cyclorama Center, 1962,
Fernando Valley Neutra Office Building — Neutra's Gettysburg National Military Park,
Van der Leeuw House (VDL design studio from 1950 to 1970 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Research House), 1932, Los Moore House, 1952, Ojai, California Mariners Medical Arts, 1963, Newport
Angeles, California (received AIA award) Beach, California
The Neutra House Project, 1935, Perkins House,1952–55, Pasadena, Painted Desert Visitor Center, 1963,
Restoration of the Neutra "Orchard California Petrified Forest National Park,
House" in Los Altos, California Arizona
Troxell House, 1956, Pacific
Kun House, 1936, Los Angeles, Palisades, California United States Embassy, 1963,
California Karachi, Pakistan
Clark House, 1957, Pasadena,
Miller House, 1937, Palm Springs, California Kuhns House, 1964, Woodland Hills,
California Los Angeles, California
Airman's Memorial Chapel, 1957,
Windshield House, 1938, Fisher's Miramar, California Rice House, 1964, Richmond,
Island, New York Virginia
Mellon Hall and Francis Scott Key
Emerson Junior High School, 1938, Auditorium, 1958, St. John's College, Rentsch House, 1965, Wengen near
West Los Angeles, California Annapolis, Maryland Berne in Switzerland; Landscape
Strathmore Apartments, 1938, architect: Ernst Cramer
Riviera Methodist Church, 1958,
Westwood, Los Angeles, California Redondo Beach Bucerius House, 1965, Brione (TN)
Ward-Berger House, 1939, sopra Minusio in Switzerland;
Garden Grove Community Church,
Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, Landscape architect: Ernst Cramer
1959 (Fellowship Hall and Offices),
California 1961 (Sanctuary), 1968 (Tower of VDL II Research House[8][9][10],
Bonnet House, 1941, Hollywood Hope), Garden Grove, California 1964,(rebuilt with son Dion Neutra)
Hills, Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California
Three Senior Officer's Quarters on
Schmidt House, 1946, ( Pasadena Mountain Home Air Force Base, Delcourt House, 1968–69, Croix,
(Linda Vista) California Idaho, 1959 Nord, France
Kaufmann Desert House, 1946, Palm Bond House, 1960, San Diego,
Springs, California California
31
43. Richard Neutra’s Works:
Jardinette Apartments, 1928, Bailey House, 1946, Santa Monica, R.J. Neutra Elementary School,
Hollywood, California California 1960, Naval Air Station Lemoore, in
Lovell House, 1929, Los Angeles, Case Study Houses #6 and #13 Lemoore, California (designed in
California Helburn House, 1950, Bozeman, 1929).
Von Sternberg House, 1935, San Montana Gettysburg Cyclorama Center, 1962,
Fernando Valley Neutra Office Building — Neutra's Gettysburg National Military Park,
Van der Leeuw House (VDL design studio from 1950 to 1970 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Research House), 1932, Los Moore House, 1952, Ojai, California Mariners Medical Arts, 1963, Newport
Angeles, California (received AIA award) Beach, California
The Neutra House Project, 1935, Perkins House,1952–55, Pasadena, Painted Desert Visitor Center, 1963,
Restoration of the Neutra "Orchard California Petrified Forest National Park,
House" in Los Altos, California Arizona
Troxell House, 1956, Pacific
Kun House, 1936, Los Angeles, Palisades, California United States Embassy, 1963,
California Karachi, Pakistan
Clark House, 1957, Pasadena,
Miller House, 1937, Palm Springs, California Kuhns House, 1964, Woodland Hills,
California Los Angeles, California
Airman's Memorial Chapel, 1957,
Windshield House, 1938, Fisher's Miramar, California Rice House, 1964, Richmond,
Island, New York Virginia
Mellon Hall and Francis Scott Key
Emerson Junior High School, 1938, Auditorium, 1958, St. John's College, Rentsch House, 1965, Wengen near
West Los Angeles, California Annapolis, Maryland Berne in Switzerland; Landscape
Strathmore Apartments, 1938, architect: Ernst Cramer
Riviera Methodist Church, 1958,
Westwood, Los Angeles, California Redondo Beach Bucerius House, 1965, Brione (TN)
Ward-Berger House, 1939, sopra Minusio in Switzerland;
Garden Grove Community Church,
Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, Landscape architect: Ernst Cramer
1959 (Fellowship Hall and Offices),
California 1961 (Sanctuary), 1968 (Tower of VDL II Research House[8][9][10],
Bonnet House, 1941, Hollywood Hope), Garden Grove, California 1964,(rebuilt with son Dion Neutra)
Hills, Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California
Three Senior Officer's Quarters on
Schmidt House, 1946, ( Pasadena Mountain Home Air Force Base, Delcourt House, 1968–69, Croix,
(Linda Vista) California Idaho, 1959 Nord, France
Kaufmann Desert House, 1946, Palm Bond House, 1960, San Diego,
Springs, California California
31
44. Frey/Neutra comparison:
“According to Frey, he preferred houses as a form of expression. In
comparison to his contemporary and fellow European transplant,
Richard Neutra, Frey's designs are more integrated into the
surrounding landscape and draw from the local surroundings for color
and metaphor. In contrast to Neutra, Frey's designs are more
commercial and less philosophically dogmatic, and hence more
accessible. By embracing the American idiom while incorporating the
modernist philosophy influenced by Le Corbusier, Frey produced a
new regional vernacular.”
--- Palm Springs Life, February 2010.
32
45. Go to Palm Springs, and see for yourself:
Take the Modern Palm Springs Tour: PSModernTours@aol.com,
760-318-6118
The Palm Springs Preservation Foundation runs an annual tour, often of
modern attractions - http://www.pspreservationfoundation.org
The Palm Springs Modern Committee holds an annual open house tour in
October.
The Elvis Honeymoon Hotel opens for concerts and other events.
Visit during Modernism Week in February.
33
Albert Frey & Richard Neutra are only 2 of the best known architectural authors of the Palm Springs style known as “desert modernism.” The architecture celebrates the desert by opening up and inviting the landscape to be a part of the living experience. Aided by a warm climate, cheap land, new construction materials, a growing middle and upper class, and an optimistic spirit, they built a futuristic style that became characteristic of Palm Springs, California.
Albert Frey and Richard Neutra both began their careers under the strong influence of the masters of early 20th Century architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright, and LeCorbusier. Albert Frey was mentored by Le Corbusier in his early years and was the first of his followers to build in America.
Frey was only 26 when Le Corbusier put him to work on the Villa Savoye project. In Villa Savoye are the elements of his work that were to follow: clean lines, lots of natural light, rational construction. In 1930, Frey moved to the United States and soon became enthralled with the California desert. He settled permanently in Palm Springs, a sleepy place in the 1930s, and over the next six decades designed countless buildings.
His first work was a steel house thrown together as an entry into the Int’l. Style Exhibit in 1932. It was the first modernist prefab in the United States. It was built in 10 days from off-the-shelf industrial materials (aluminum, steel, ship decking, linoleum, rayon fabric and glass), with no formal plans or blueprints. These materials would later be used to great advantage in Frey’s California structures.
It was know as the “Aluminaire” house, and was virtually thrown together from donated parts and materials. This was a light-filled house, 1200 sq. ft., and three stories. The only other American entry in the 1932 show was the Lovell House from Richard Neutra.
Palm Springs was a sleepy town in the early 20th century. As the movie industry flourished in the 1920’s, movie stars and celebrities discovered Palm Springs as a getaway from Los Angeles. Architecturally, the predominant style was Spanish/Mediterranean. After World War II, Palm Springs' population almost tripled, and the city experienced a building boom. Known as an escape for the Hollywood elite and a winter haven for East Coast industrialists, Palm Springs emerged postwar as a resort community for a broader segment of the U.S. populace with more leisure time than any previous generation. Frey and other architects were well positioned to capitalize on this, and both the city and their firm benefited from an unprecedented period of construction. Now, due to the proliferation of International Style structures Palm Springs has one of the largest concentrations of modern architecture in the country, some of the purest examples of International Style to the wackiest examples of Jetson-esque commercial buildings called 'googie.'
Frey’s first structure in Palm Springs was the Movie Colony Hotel, breaking the usual Spanish Colonial standard for the town. It has since been renovated. In this project Frey started exploring the relationship between the desert climate and his architectural style.
He built a home for himself (the first of two in Palm Springs), using expanses of glass to redefine indoor-outdoor living. This was afforded by the mild Palm Springs climate, and the availability of air-conditioning. These factors allowed the International Style to adapt perfectly to the lifestyle of the desert.
The pool flows inside and outside the home, serving to cool it in the hot desert climate. Functionality and natural elements were a hallmark of the International Style.
The Palm Springs Tramway Station echoes the shape of Mount San Jacinto with it’s wood ceiling, natural rock walls and triangular windows.
Frey used metal piping cut at angles as a design motif. Again making everything functional, they help shield the main building from the harsh morning sun.
In 1953 Frey added a space-ship-inspired addition to his Palm Springs home.
The Russell House takes the indoor-outdoor relationship to a new level, constructed on a mountain ledge, with large expanses of glass, and an infinity edge pool.
Always integrating the landscape, he even more boldly built his second house to merge with the boulders that surround it.
The corrugated aluminum sheathing and roof panels came from the manufacturer pre-finished in a vivid aqua color.
The Palm Springs Tramway gas station with its wing-like roof, is a landmark that has been converted into a visitors center.
In prewar Vienna Neutra was greatly influenced with the Secessionist architecture of Otto Wagner, and by Adolf Loos, whose crusade against ornament turned him away from historic styles. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright, he coined the term biorealism meaning "the inherent and inseparable relationship between man and nature." In Neutra's best buildings the distinction between indoors and outdoors seems almost nonexistent. In 1949 Time magazine put Neutra on its cover and ranked him second only to Frank Lloyd Wright in the pantheon of American architects. Most of his work was built outside of Palm Springs. Neutra’s son, Dion Neutra, continues his design practice and acts as Executive Consultant to the Institute for Survival Through Design -- named after Neutra’s book.
Although built in Los Angeles, not in Palm Springs, the Lovell Health House was Neutra’s signature landmark expressing his philosophy and combining cost-efficient construction with elegant design. The temperate California climate and cheap land in Los Angeles suburbs allowed him to integrate his houses into natural settings. It was built for a wealthy Los Angeles Times naturopath and columnist. This steel-framed structure was the first of its kind in the U.S. and was submitted at the same time as Frey’s “Aluminaire” House. It foretold his later works. His floor-to-ceiling glass windows brought the open vistas inside.
The Lovell Health House resembles Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater.
The Grace Miller House brings Neutra’s principles of zero ornamentation, open vistas, and functional design to the Palm Springs setting.
The Kaufman House, built in 1946, is Neutra’s masterpiece. Now fully restored it has taken its rightful place amongst the five most important houses of the 20th century (Falling Water, Robie House, Gropius House, Kaufman House, Gambell House). This was a commission for Edgar J. Kaufmann, Jr., who was the son of Kaufman, Sr., the patron for whom Fallingwater was built in 1934. The Kaufmann House showed the influence of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Barcelona Pavilion (1929).
Characteristic of desert modernism, this home has expansive glass walls and windows, dramatic rooflines, wide overhangs, steel and plastic combined with wood and stone, open floor plans, and outdoor living spaces incorporated into the overall design.
Neutra discusses the pavilion-like quality of the Kaufman House.
The photography of Julius Schulman helped to draw attention to the sensuous, luxurious beauty of desert modern structures in Palm Springs.
Neutra was a prolific architect with works scattered all over the globe. Neutra sounded the alarm regarding the importance of what is now called green design, as he was once quoted as saying, "today's man-made environment has become an irritating, increasing threat to the vitality and soundness of mind and body." Biorealism is the Neutra term chosen by his Institute for Survival Through Design, to represent the firm's ideal of the "person-centered" approach to the planning of the environment and the managing of ecology in ways that will be of lasting benefit to individuals comprising mankind.
Both Frey and Neutra were European immigrants who were shaped by the Bauhaus, Frank Lloyd Wright, LeCorbusier and the International Style. They are both among the greatest of 20th Century architects. Yet they took slightly different interpretations of the principles espoused in the early stages of the International Style: absence of superfluous decoration; use of the technology of the day and innovation in use of materials; the merging of exterior and interior. Frey made bold statements about blending the indoors and the outdoors. Neutra was more restrained, yet the harmony of his compositions are distinctly the finest examples of sophisticated International Style.
Modern structures such as those by Frey and Neutra are now highly prized by a new generation who see them as something unique and refreshing. Unfortunately, many structures, both residential and commercial are now gone. Hopefully, this new generation of fans will value, visit, write about, and help save mid-century modern structures around the world.